By M. A. K. Halliday
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Additional resources for Language as Social Semiotic
Sample text
The relations across this line are arbitrary; this we must accept. But if we are considering (he relation between seman* tics and grammar, which is all within Hjelmslev*scontent, then ] would say it A social-functional approach to language 45 is not arbitrary. Consider a grammatical structure. A grammatical structure is a configuration of roles, or functions if you like, each of which derives f rom some option In the semantic system - noi one to one, but as a whole. Let us take an example from child language.
The great thing Chomsky achieved was that he was the first to show that natural language could be brought within the scope of formalization; that you could in fact study natural language as a formal system. The cost of this was a very high degree of idealization; obviously、he had to Leave out of consideration a great many of those variations and those distinctions that precisely interest 38 The sociolinguistic perspective those of us who are concerned with the sociological study of language* From this point of view Chomskyan linguistics is a form of reductionism, it is so highly idealized.
That is, if we claim that we have identified a set of options in meaning, not only do we have to relate these to other sets of options in meaning in a systematic way，but we have also to show, first, how this set of options in meaning realizes an aspect of the social system and, secondly, how it is in turn realized in the lexicogrammatical system. This is a very strong demand, in a sense, because if one says that there is a significant clioice in meaning in social-control situations between, say, moral dis approbation and other forms of disapprobalion, as Geoffrey Turner does, or between imperative and obligative lypes of rule-giving, then one must be able to specify three things: one, exactly how this relates to the other options in meaning that have been set up; two, how this expresses higher-level behavioural options; three, how this is in turn realized in the grammar.