By Viktor G. Berezkin
The so much common and powerful approach for the research of advanced multicomponent combos of unstable ingredients is fuel chromatography. even if, there are various barriers asso ciated with the classical version of this method which retard its improvement and the extra enlargement of its software: 1) the id of the parts of a posh combine ture of unknown composition is in itself a posh and hard challenge, until the homologous sequence of the portion of be pointed out is understood; 2) the overlapping of chromatographic peaks for numerous compounds makes it tricky, and in a couple of circumstances most unlikely, to hold out qualitative and quantitative research of those elements, and results in the need of utilizing a number of columns of alternative polarities or to using columns with very excessive potency; three) the direct research of risky and nonvolatile compounds is very unlikely; four) the trouble of quantitative chromatographic research utilizing thermal conductivity detectors raises with the need of making a choice on person reaction (calibration) elements; the insensitivity of the flame ionization detector to a few components (inorganic gases) ends up in the need of introducing extra operations (prelimi nary focus of hint elements) in reference to thermal conductivity detectors. vii viii FOREWORD The directed use of chemical conversion of the compounds analyzed often makes it attainable to take away the restrictions stated above.
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Sample text
The characteristic rules for the kinetics of reaction of different orders (n ;: 1) for impulse chromatography were first studied by Gaziev, Filinovskii, and Yanovskii [21]. In this work the decreases in the concentration of the starting reacting compound was studied for reactions of zero, first, and second orders and for impulses of different forms, assuming that the reaction takes place under the conditions of ideal linear chromatography. The starting system of equations includes the equation for material balance, for the rate of the chemical reaction, and for the Henry adsorption isotherms: OC 'iGq 7ft oa OC + q (1- 'iG) at + wax-+q (1 Q= ka n • 'iG) Q = 0, (10) a = Ge, where c is the concentration of the substance in the gas flow; a is the amount of substance adsorbed by the unit volume of the reactor; q is the reactor cross section; }{, is the fraction of the reactor cross section not occupied by packing; w is the volumetric gas flow rate; t is the duration of the reaction; x is the distance from the inlet of the reactor; Q is the rate of the chemical reaction of the n-th order; k is the rate constant; G is the Henry coefficient.
Sternberg and R. E. Poulson, Anal. , 36:1492 (1964) . J. H. Knox and L. McLaren, Anal. , 35:449 (1963). R. L. Martin, Anal. , 32:336 (1960). I. Halasz and E. Heine, Nature, 194:971 (1962). V. G. Berezkin, A. T. Svyatoshenko, and L. V. Klement'evskaya, Zh. Anal. Khim.! 21:1367 (1966). ), new elements are used - chemical reactors in which all or some of the sample components undergo certain chemical conversions. The use of such elements results in new chromatographic systems which should be studied in greater detail since they represent important parts of gas chromatography.
5 mm. In using slow chemical reactions, when it is impossible to decrease the sample introduction time, it is expedient to use either an intermediate concentration or to connect the reactor with the chromatographic system only after the reaction has been completed. In a number of cases the reactor and the chromatographic column are thermostated at different temperatures and are connected with capillary tubes. It should be pointed out that the temperature of the reactor and of the connecting tubes must not be lower than the boiling point of the sample components, because otherwise condensation might occur, decreasing the efficiency of the separation.