By U. F. Kocks (auth.), Alan K. Miller (eds.)
Constitutive equations check with 'the equations that represent the fabric reaction' at any element inside of an item. they're one of many elements essential to expect the deformation and fracture reaction of stable our bodies (among different parts equivalent to the equations of equilibrium and compatibility and mathematical descriptions of the configuration and loading history). those constituents are more often than not mixed jointly in advanced laptop courses, resembling finite aspect analyses, which serve to either codify the pertinent wisdom and to supply handy instruments for making predictions of height stresses, plastic pressure levels, crack development premiums, and different amounts of curiosity. Such predictions fall principally into periods: structural research and production research. within the first type, the standard goal is existence prediction, for overview of safeguard, reliability, sturdiness, and/or operational concepts. a few high-technology platforms restricted via mechanical habit, and as a result requiring exact existence check ments, contain rocket engines (the space-shuttle major engine being a trendy example), piping and strain vessels in nuclear and non-nuclear energy vegetation (for instance, warmth exchanger tubes in sun principal receivers and reformer tubes in high-temperature gas-cooled reactors used for procedure warmth applications), and the ever-present instance of the jet engine turbine blade. In structural research, one is usually excited about predicting distortion in line with se, yet extra usually, one is anxious with predicting fracture; in those instances the informa tion approximately deformation is an intermediate end result en path to the ultimate objective of a existence prediction.
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Additional info for Unified Constitutive Equations for Creep and Plasticity
Example text
In general, the material properties are given in terms of the crystallographic axes (or in terms of axes of anisotropy for non- 30 U. F. KOCKS random polycrystals) and must be related to the macroscopic coordinates for the solution of any particular boundary-value problem. This is the general meaning of 'orientation'. The material constitutive relations specify the relation between the 'true' (Cauchy) stress and the (true) strain rate, as well as the evolution with a (true) strain increment, in these property-reference axes.
This is, for example, seen in free single crystals under tension. On the other hand, if one imagines the direction of the strain-increment vector as given, the stress must be one of a small number of discrete values: the vertex vectors. It is evident from the plastic potential concept that the prescribed strain direction must be contained in the cone of normals of the active vertex. There are two dual kinds of non-uniqueness associated with the facets-plus-vertices nature of the single crystal yield surface: if one happened to prescribe a strain direction that is identical to one of the facet normals, the stress direction is not unique; and if one happened to prescribe a stress vector that points precisely into a vertex, the resulting strain-increment direction is not unique.
2. 6. Stress Relaxation The easiest test to measure kinetic effects is to merely stop the machine and watch the load relax. e. aging, effect can never be observed this way3), but is instead due to the decrease of strain-rate with stress. The plastic strain rate is proportional to the magnitude of the stress/time slope. Thus, a plot of this slope vs. stress gives a good first evaluation (more appropriate than stress vs. log t). The low rate sensitivity of the flow stress means that the slope decreases very rapidly-until it is hard to distinguish from zero.